Session Notes: Leaving the ADDIE Model Behind

I am interested in delivering more eLearning content and sat in on Michael Allen’s presentation on Leaving the ADDIE model behind. I am always looking for a better process to help develop content. Being aware of ADDIE, I was interested in Allen’s alternative approach. Allen has written about this approach in his new book, Leaving ADDIE for SAM, which should come out in October.

Choosing an Instructional Design Process

Allen asked, What is the criterion for picking the right process for you? Basically, we do what works for us. Most people probably use ADDIE in a modified form. Regardless of the process, we are typically concerned with several issues that relate to the products we create: Do the products you create meet your satisfaction with the constraints? Were the products delivered on time? Are the products delivered within the budget? Is the design team happy with the result? As trainers and instructional developers, our business is to help people meet their full potential. It is important to deliver products on time, within budget, while meeting the expectations of the client.

For those who were not familiar with ADDIE, ADDIE is a design methodology that includes Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation phases . For more information, check out this Wikipedia article on the ADDIE Model.

 Allen’s Concerns With ADDIE

Seven typical problems that Allen has with ADDIE:

• Comprehensive analysis up front is unrealistic. We need to conduct a quicker analysis and continue to analyze throughout the process.
• Analysis often overlooks essential success factors such as hidden expectations and who is really in charge.
• Specs and even storyboards mis-communicate.
• Creativity becomes a nuisance to the schedule.
• Downstream insights are faults that become trouble.
• Performance outcomes are rarely measured, so success becomes schedule and cost minimization.
• Post-tests are insensitive measures but become outcome targets.

Because of issues with ADDIE, three typical results occur: reworks and overruns, contention in the team, and boring, labored products. “Making a plan and sticking to it guarantees a suboptimal solution.” ~ Andrew Fitzgibbon.

 Introducing Iterative Design and SAM

Allen began talking about another strategy for developing products. It begins with a sketch that goes through multiple iterations, resulting in a better product. While explaining this process, he highlighted Bill Buxton’s book, Sketching User Experiences: Getting the Design Right and the Right Design. Iterations are powerful for finding the best solution. Continuously experiment to find the best solution. Embrace good ideas throughout the process.

Allen then introduced the successive approximation model (SAM). He related it to building your own house. First, you sketch out your house and have the rest of the family look at the design, analyze it, and improve the sketch by sketching more. In the SAM model, you rapidly get some background information and put together a design. You then build a prototype and review it. Once you get input on the prototype, you incorporate the ideas into a new design or improved design, build a prototype, and review it again. You repeat this process for approximately three iterations.

Allen stressed the SAM process will require workflow changes. He offered this advice:

• Go for breadth-first, then depth.
• Don’t iterate too many times (3 iterations are enough).
• Expect and welcome changes.
• Conduct user testing.
• Get the entire team involved from the beginning.

The Three Phases of SAM

Here are the steps that Allen uses to make meaningful, memorable, and motivational eLearning products.

Preparation phase

• Information gathering, getting background information

Iterative design phase

• Savvy start
• Project planning
• Additional design

Throughout this phase, you will be rotating through design, prototype, and review

Iterative development phase

• Design proof
• Alpha
• Beta
• Gold

Throughout this phase, you will be rotating through development, implementation, and evaluation.

Allen showed a great example as his team worked through the iterative design phase for a bank training program.

Designing Content With CCAF

Finally, Allen encouraged us to use the CCAF content development model for developing eLearning content. CCAF includes four important elements:

• Context. In what situation does the task become necessary?
• Challenge. Why should the learner care? Make it personal. What is the consequence of not completing the training?
• Activity. Provide a meaningful activity that will help them learn the task at hand.
• Feedback. Feedback the message used to help the learner stay on course.

You can discover more about these elements through the white paper by Ethan Edwards, Creating e-Learning That Makes a Difference.

This presentation gave me a lot to think about. I can’t wait to experiment with some ideas presented. What model do you use? How successful has it been for you?

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